1. Reduction of organic compounds via in situ generated hydrogen and transfer hydrogenations. Catalysts for heterogenous and homogenous hydrogenations and examples from organic synthesis, factors affecting hydrogenations and hydrogenolyses. 2. Electron addition and subsequent protonation-based reductions of organic compounds, reductions based on hydride addition. Reaction mechanisms, electron and proton sources, hydride reagents (methods for preparations/productions, properties), and examples of utilization in organic synthesis. 3. Reductions of multiple carbon-carbon and carbonyl bonds. Possible products and related methods, mechanisms, stereoselectivity, and examples of utilization in organic synthesis. 4. Reductions of carboxylic acids and their functional derivatives. Preparation of alcohols, aldehydes, amines, and acyloines; corresponding reagents and mechanisms. 5. Reductions of nitrogen/sulphur-containing compounds (nitro and azido compounds, oximes and diazonium salts). Reagents and products. 6. Hydrogenolysis of C-X, C-O and C-C bonds (X=halogen). Regents, products and mechanisms. 7. Oxidations of C-H bonds. Utilization for hydroxylation and carbonyl formation. formation of C=C bonds and aromatic systems by oxidations, and corresponding reagents. 8. Oxiran formation from C=C bonds and carbonyl compounds (Darzens' synthesis and another S-ylides-based synthesis, formation of S-ylides). Synthetic importance of oxiranes, oxidative cleavage of vicinal diols. 9. Oxidations of alcohols, aldehydes and ketones. Oxidative reagents, products, Baeyer-Villiger reaction. 10. Introducing halogen atoms into molecules of organic compounds. Additions of halogens, interhalogens, hydrogen halides and hypo halogen acids on C=C bonds; substitutions of H-atoms, OH groups, O-atom in carbonyl group and carboxylic group. Mutual replacement of halogen atoms (Finkelstein and Swarts reaction); corresponding reagents, mechanisms and stereochemistry. 11. Nitration and sulfonation (sulfochlorination, sulfooxidation, sulfonation of aromatic compounds, chlorsulfonation). Reaction mechanisms and related reagents. 12. Aromaticity; electrophilic aromatic substitution. 13. Nucleophilic substitution - mechanisms and stereochemistry, solvent role, inreasing of nucleophilicity of reagents by crown etheres and/or phase transfer catalysis. 14. Aldolization and aldol condensation of aldehydes and ketones. Cleisen condensation of esters. 15. Reactions of carboxylic acids, preparations of functional and substitutional derivatives. 16. Formation of C=C bond from carbonyl compounds. Perkin synthesis, Knoevenagel reaction, P-ylides-bysed reactions (Wittig and related reactions). 17. Conformation (ethane, butane, cyclohexane); molecular tensions; stability of cycles; configuration; ambiguous structures (amides, sulfinates, isomerisation on C=C bond). 18. Chirality (central, axial, planar, helicity), relations to molecular symmetry, relations to optical activity. Crystal forms of chiral compounds (racemic mixture, racemate, racemic solid solution). Enantiomers separations. 19. Woodward-Hoffmann rules, applications on cycloaddition reactions. Dielas-Alder 2pi+4pi cycloadditions (regioselectivity, stereoselectivity, endo/exo transition states); photochemical 2pi+2pi cycloadditions. 20. Photochemical and thermal electroncyclization reactions, stereochemistry. Sigmatropic rearrangements, cheletropic reactions.
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